Food toxicoinfection is a pluricausal disease occurring when microbe agents and toxins enter with food in human body. The disease starts acutely, courses heavy, shows with symptoms of intoxication and affection of digestive organs. Causative agents are staphylococcal enterotoxins. salmonella, shigella, escherichia, streptococci, spore anaerobia, halophilic vibrions. Way of transmission is fecal-oral. Source of infection is diseased person or bacteria carrier, including diseased animals. The disease may course as sporadic case or an outbreak. Incidence of disease is registered for a full year and increases in warm time.
Symptoms and course
Incubation period is short – just several hours. Patient suffers from chill, high body temperature, nausea, vomit, spasmodic abdomen pains. Then appears frequent liquid stool (sometimes with mucus), giddiness, headache, weakness, appetite lose. Skin and visible mucous membranes are dry.
Recognition
The diagnosis of contagious intoxication is made according to clinical picture, epidemiological anamnesis and laboratory tests. Most important are results of bacteriological test of excrements, examination of vomit mass and stomach washings.
Treatment
To remove contagious products and toxins, stomach lavage should be made which gives best effects at first hours of intoxication. However, when nausea and vomiting occurred, this procedure may be performed at latest stages.
Stomach lavage is made with 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate or 0.1% of potassium permanganate till appearing of pure waters. In purposes of detoxification and rehydration are used salt solutions. The sufferer must drink plenty of water and keep to a diet. From menu are excluded foods that do irritate gastrointestinal tract. It is recommended to consume well-boiled, shabby and mild foods. To regenerate digestive insufficiency it is necessary to take enzymes and enzymic complexes (pepsin, pancreatine, etc) for 7 – 15 days.
Prevention
It is necessary to respect sanitary and hygienic rules at eating places and food manufacturing industries. Early detection of people with angina, pneumonia, pustular skin affections and other contagious diseases. Important role has veterinary control over diary farms and healthy cows (staphylococcic mastitis, pustular diseases).
Showing posts with label shigella. Show all posts
Showing posts with label shigella. Show all posts
Sunday, March 4, 2012
Sunday, February 26, 2012
Dysentery
Dysentery is a contagious disease caused by bacteria of Shigella group. The source of infection is diseased person and bacteria carrier. Infection occurs via infected food, water, objects. Dysenteric microbes are settled in large bowel causing its inflammation, superficial erosion and sores.
Symptoms and course
Incubation period lasts from 1 to 7 days (often 2 -3 days). The disease starts acutely with temperature increase, chills, fever, weakness, loss of appetite. Then do appear pains in abdomen – at the beginning they are dull and are spread throughout the abdomen, further they become more acute. Pains may occur in lower part of the abdomen, often on the left side, rarely on the right side of the body.
Pains usually do increase before infection. Do appear drawing pains in rectum area during dejection and in 5 – 15 after it. During abdomen palpation are noticed spasms and soreness of the colon, mostly frank in sigmoid colon area which is palpated in the form of thick binder. Bowel movement occurs more often, dejections initially have fecal character, then they have mixture of mucus and blood., then is effused a little amount of mucus with threads of blood. Duration of the disease is from 1 to 9 days.
Recognition
For the recognition is used data of epidemiological anamnesis. clinical manifestations such as common intoxication, frequent dejection with mucus or blood, cramp-like pains in abdomen in left side. Important role plays rectosigmoidoscopy which helps to detect signs of mucus inflammation in distal areas of rectum. Release of dysenteric microbes during bacteriological examination of excrements proves the diagnosis.
Treatment
Dysenteric patients may be treated in a contagious hospital and at home as well. It is necessary to take antibiotics such as tetracycline ((0,2-0,3g four times daily), laevomycetin (0,5g four times daily during 6 days). However, microbes resistance to antibiotics was increased greatly and their effectiveness has reduced. Also are used furasolidone, nitrofurantoin 0.1g four times a day during 5 – 7 days. Vitamins are recommended. In severe cases is made detoxication therapy.
Preventive Measures
Symptoms and course
Incubation period lasts from 1 to 7 days (often 2 -3 days). The disease starts acutely with temperature increase, chills, fever, weakness, loss of appetite. Then do appear pains in abdomen – at the beginning they are dull and are spread throughout the abdomen, further they become more acute. Pains may occur in lower part of the abdomen, often on the left side, rarely on the right side of the body.
Pains usually do increase before infection. Do appear drawing pains in rectum area during dejection and in 5 – 15 after it. During abdomen palpation are noticed spasms and soreness of the colon, mostly frank in sigmoid colon area which is palpated in the form of thick binder. Bowel movement occurs more often, dejections initially have fecal character, then they have mixture of mucus and blood., then is effused a little amount of mucus with threads of blood. Duration of the disease is from 1 to 9 days.
Recognition
For the recognition is used data of epidemiological anamnesis. clinical manifestations such as common intoxication, frequent dejection with mucus or blood, cramp-like pains in abdomen in left side. Important role plays rectosigmoidoscopy which helps to detect signs of mucus inflammation in distal areas of rectum. Release of dysenteric microbes during bacteriological examination of excrements proves the diagnosis.
Treatment
Dysenteric patients may be treated in a contagious hospital and at home as well. It is necessary to take antibiotics such as tetracycline ((0,2-0,3g four times daily), laevomycetin (0,5g four times daily during 6 days). However, microbes resistance to antibiotics was increased greatly and their effectiveness has reduced. Also are used furasolidone, nitrofurantoin 0.1g four times a day during 5 – 7 days. Vitamins are recommended. In severe cases is made detoxication therapy.
Preventive Measures
- early detection and treatment
- water-supply source control
- fight with flies
- personal hygiene
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