This is a disease caused by meningococcus which has different forms. In external environment the microbe dies quickly at temperature of 55 C during 5 minutes, under the influence of detergents during 1 – 2 minutes, it is sensitive to penicillin, laevomycetin, tetracycline.
People infected with meningococcus are the source of infection for people around. Infected people on the early stage of their disease do intensively release microbes in external environment During treatment patients remain carriers for three weeks. Meningococcal disease spreads via airborne. Most frequently get diseased children of preschool age. Meningococcus is located mainly in meninx vasculosa causing there suppurative inflammation. The infection enters into central nervous system either via epipharynx along olfactory nerves or via hematogenic path.
Symptoms and course
Incubation period is from 2 to 10 days. Meningococcal disease forms:
1) localized forms, when causative mocroorganism occurs in a particular organ (acute nasopharyngitis)
2) generalized forms when the infection is spread trough the whole body (meningococcemia, meningitis, meningoencephalitis)
3) orphan forms (endocarditis, polyarthritis, pneumonia)
Acute nasopharyngitis may be the onset of purulent meningitis or an independent clinical implication. Temperature increases up to 38 C, appear signs of intoxication and affection of mucus membrane of nose and throat (stuffiness in nose, reddening, back of the throat puffiness).
In meningococcemia the meningococcal sepsis starts suddenly and courses violently. Symptoms: chill, headache, body temperature up to 40 C. Blood vessel permeability increases, in 5 – 15 hours from the disease onset appears hemorrhagic rash. Meningitis symptoms are not observed. Are possible arthritis, pneumonia, myocarditis and endocarditis.
Meningitis develops acutely. Some people may experience nasopharyngitis symptoms at early stages. Meningitis starts with chill, temperature rise, agitation, motor anxiety. In the beginning appear strong headache, vomit without nausea, high skin, ear and visual sensibility. By the end of the day do appear and increase meningeal symptoms: neck stiffness, impossibility to turn at right angle leg bended in joint.
Patient may experience delusions, agitation, tremor, may be damaged cerebral nerves. In half of patients on 2 – 5 days of diseases appears herpetic rash. In the blood is detected neutrophilia. In adequate treatment recovery occurs on 12 – 14 day from beginning of therapy.
Complications: deafness due to the affection of auditory nerve and inner ear; blindness due to affection of visual nerve or uvea; hydrocephaly (loss of consciousness, acute panting, tachycardia, agitation, blood pressure increase, myosis, meningeal syndrome senility).
Treatment
Most effective treatment are penicillin therapy, taking semisynthetic penicillins (ampicillin, oxacillin). Also are performed body deintoxication, oxygen therapy, vitamins. Corticosteroids are prescribed.
Preventive measures
Early detection and isolation of patients. After discharge from the hospital it is necessary to perform double bacteriological tests.
Showing posts with label laevomycetin. Show all posts
Showing posts with label laevomycetin. Show all posts
Wednesday, February 29, 2012
Sunday, February 26, 2012
Dysentery
Dysentery is a contagious disease caused by bacteria of Shigella group. The source of infection is diseased person and bacteria carrier. Infection occurs via infected food, water, objects. Dysenteric microbes are settled in large bowel causing its inflammation, superficial erosion and sores.
Symptoms and course
Incubation period lasts from 1 to 7 days (often 2 -3 days). The disease starts acutely with temperature increase, chills, fever, weakness, loss of appetite. Then do appear pains in abdomen – at the beginning they are dull and are spread throughout the abdomen, further they become more acute. Pains may occur in lower part of the abdomen, often on the left side, rarely on the right side of the body.
Pains usually do increase before infection. Do appear drawing pains in rectum area during dejection and in 5 – 15 after it. During abdomen palpation are noticed spasms and soreness of the colon, mostly frank in sigmoid colon area which is palpated in the form of thick binder. Bowel movement occurs more often, dejections initially have fecal character, then they have mixture of mucus and blood., then is effused a little amount of mucus with threads of blood. Duration of the disease is from 1 to 9 days.
Recognition
For the recognition is used data of epidemiological anamnesis. clinical manifestations such as common intoxication, frequent dejection with mucus or blood, cramp-like pains in abdomen in left side. Important role plays rectosigmoidoscopy which helps to detect signs of mucus inflammation in distal areas of rectum. Release of dysenteric microbes during bacteriological examination of excrements proves the diagnosis.
Treatment
Dysenteric patients may be treated in a contagious hospital and at home as well. It is necessary to take antibiotics such as tetracycline ((0,2-0,3g four times daily), laevomycetin (0,5g four times daily during 6 days). However, microbes resistance to antibiotics was increased greatly and their effectiveness has reduced. Also are used furasolidone, nitrofurantoin 0.1g four times a day during 5 – 7 days. Vitamins are recommended. In severe cases is made detoxication therapy.
Preventive Measures
Symptoms and course
Incubation period lasts from 1 to 7 days (often 2 -3 days). The disease starts acutely with temperature increase, chills, fever, weakness, loss of appetite. Then do appear pains in abdomen – at the beginning they are dull and are spread throughout the abdomen, further they become more acute. Pains may occur in lower part of the abdomen, often on the left side, rarely on the right side of the body.
Pains usually do increase before infection. Do appear drawing pains in rectum area during dejection and in 5 – 15 after it. During abdomen palpation are noticed spasms and soreness of the colon, mostly frank in sigmoid colon area which is palpated in the form of thick binder. Bowel movement occurs more often, dejections initially have fecal character, then they have mixture of mucus and blood., then is effused a little amount of mucus with threads of blood. Duration of the disease is from 1 to 9 days.
Recognition
For the recognition is used data of epidemiological anamnesis. clinical manifestations such as common intoxication, frequent dejection with mucus or blood, cramp-like pains in abdomen in left side. Important role plays rectosigmoidoscopy which helps to detect signs of mucus inflammation in distal areas of rectum. Release of dysenteric microbes during bacteriological examination of excrements proves the diagnosis.
Treatment
Dysenteric patients may be treated in a contagious hospital and at home as well. It is necessary to take antibiotics such as tetracycline ((0,2-0,3g four times daily), laevomycetin (0,5g four times daily during 6 days). However, microbes resistance to antibiotics was increased greatly and their effectiveness has reduced. Also are used furasolidone, nitrofurantoin 0.1g four times a day during 5 – 7 days. Vitamins are recommended. In severe cases is made detoxication therapy.
Preventive Measures
- early detection and treatment
- water-supply source control
- fight with flies
- personal hygiene
Tuesday, February 21, 2012
Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever is an acute contagious disease associated with bacteria of the genius Salmonella. The agent can be kept in the ground and in the water from 1 to 15 months. It dies when healed and under the action of the usual detergents.
The only source of incidence is infected person and the carrier. The rods of Typhoid fever are transmitted directly by dirty hands, flies, waste waters. Most dangerous are outbreaks connected with taking infected foods (milk, cold meat, etc).
Symptoms and course
Incubation period lasts from 1 to 3 weeks. In typical cases the Typhoid fever starts gradually. The diseased experience such symptoms as weakness, rapid fatigability, moderate headache. In the next days those symptoms do increase, the temperature of the body raises up to 39-40 "ะก, appetite do lowers or totally disappears, the sleep is interrupted (sleepiness by day and insomnia by night). Also patient can have stool retention and windiness. Till 7-9 day of the disease rush may appear on the upper parts of abdomen skin or on lower parts of the chest. The rush is represented by small red spots with sharp edge having diameter 23mm rising over skin surface and are called roseolas. A new roseola may appear in the place where a roseola disappeared.
The next symptoms are common for patients: restraint, face paleness, decrease in heart rate, lower blood pressure. Also may appear specific bronchitis. The tongue may be dry and cracky, covered with muddy brown fur, edges and tip of the tongue having no fur. Also may appear rude curmurring of the intestinum cecum and pain of right iliac region, liver and spleen may get increased. The number of leukocytes in peripheral blood is lowered.
To recognize the Typhoid fever is very important to detect early symptoms such as high body temperature lasting more than one week, headache, lowering of physical activity, breakdown, sleeping disorders, appetite disorders, specific rush, sensitivity during palpation of the right part of the abdomen, the increase of the liver and spleen. In laboratory are used next analysis for diagnosis updating: immunofluorescence method and serologic testing.
Treatment
For the treatment is used antimicrobial agent called laevomycetin which is prescribed 0,5-0,75gr 4 times per day for 10-12 days. Intravenous is injected 5% glucose solution or normal saline 500-1000gr. In severe cases are injected corticosteroids. Patients should remain at bed rest minimum 7-10 days.
Preventive Measures
1. sanitary inspection of food processors, water systems, canalization
2. early detection of patients and their isolation
3. disinfection of rooms, clothes, utensils
4. fight with flies
5. after disease dispensary observation
6. specific vaccination
The only source of incidence is infected person and the carrier. The rods of Typhoid fever are transmitted directly by dirty hands, flies, waste waters. Most dangerous are outbreaks connected with taking infected foods (milk, cold meat, etc).
Symptoms and course
Incubation period lasts from 1 to 3 weeks. In typical cases the Typhoid fever starts gradually. The diseased experience such symptoms as weakness, rapid fatigability, moderate headache. In the next days those symptoms do increase, the temperature of the body raises up to 39-40 "ะก, appetite do lowers or totally disappears, the sleep is interrupted (sleepiness by day and insomnia by night). Also patient can have stool retention and windiness. Till 7-9 day of the disease rush may appear on the upper parts of abdomen skin or on lower parts of the chest. The rush is represented by small red spots with sharp edge having diameter 23mm rising over skin surface and are called roseolas. A new roseola may appear in the place where a roseola disappeared.
The next symptoms are common for patients: restraint, face paleness, decrease in heart rate, lower blood pressure. Also may appear specific bronchitis. The tongue may be dry and cracky, covered with muddy brown fur, edges and tip of the tongue having no fur. Also may appear rude curmurring of the intestinum cecum and pain of right iliac region, liver and spleen may get increased. The number of leukocytes in peripheral blood is lowered.
To recognize the Typhoid fever is very important to detect early symptoms such as high body temperature lasting more than one week, headache, lowering of physical activity, breakdown, sleeping disorders, appetite disorders, specific rush, sensitivity during palpation of the right part of the abdomen, the increase of the liver and spleen. In laboratory are used next analysis for diagnosis updating: immunofluorescence method and serologic testing.
Treatment
For the treatment is used antimicrobial agent called laevomycetin which is prescribed 0,5-0,75gr 4 times per day for 10-12 days. Intravenous is injected 5% glucose solution or normal saline 500-1000gr. In severe cases are injected corticosteroids. Patients should remain at bed rest minimum 7-10 days.
Preventive Measures
1. sanitary inspection of food processors, water systems, canalization
2. early detection of patients and their isolation
3. disinfection of rooms, clothes, utensils
4. fight with flies
5. after disease dispensary observation
6. specific vaccination
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