Plague is a quarantine natural focal disease characterized with high fever, severe intoxication , appearing of bobos (necrotic changes in lymphatic glands, lungs and other organs) and sepsis. Pathogen is a motionless barrel shaped bacillus of plague. It is most dangerous infection. In nature it is saved due to periodic appearing of epizootic disease in gnawing animals who are major carriers of plague microbes (marmots, gopher).
The transmission of pathogen from animal to animal occurs via flea. A human gets infected with plague via contacting with diseased animals (skinning, meat cutting), consuming infected products, flea-bites, airbone. Human vulnerability is very high. Person diseased with plague is dangerous for other humans, especially when he suffers from pneumonic form of plague.
Symptoms
Incubation period lasts 3 – 6 days. The disease starts acutely with sudden chill and quick temperature increase to 40C. Chill is changed to fever, severe headache, dizziness, weakness, insomnia, nausea, vomit, muscle pains. Patient suffers from intoxication, impairment of consciousness, in some cases appear psychomotor agitation, delirium, hallucinations, lurch, redding of face and conjunctiva.
Face features become keen and appear dark circles under eyes. Skin is dry and hot to the touch, may appear petechiasis, large haemorrhages. Quickly are developed symptoms of cardio-vascular system damage, cardiac border widening, hollowness of tones, growing tachycardia, blood pressure drop, arrythmia, breathlessness, cyanosis.
The tongue has specific look: it is thick with breakings, covered with thick white accretion. Mouth mucosa is dry. Tonsils often are increased, have sores, on velum palatinum are found hemorrhages.In severe cases occurs frequent liquid stool with admixture of blood mucus. In urine may be found admixture of blood and protide.
Showing posts with label fever. Show all posts
Showing posts with label fever. Show all posts
Thursday, April 26, 2012
Wednesday, February 22, 2012
Pneumonia
Pneumonia or inflammation of lungs usually starts with contagious disease of upper respiratory tract. It may be a complication after past diseases such as bronchitis, influenza, sore throat, ARVI (acute respiratory viral infection). As a rule, this happens when patient ignores bed regime and has the illness on the move. However, lasting lying may cause the development of congestive pneumonia which appears as a result of lasting bed regime after past fractures, serious operations or heart failure. Besides typical pneumonia, specialists define atypical ones. Their causative agents are viruses or rare microorganisms, for example, clamydia carried by birds.
Agents and ways of transmission
Pneumonia is a multifaced disease. This is not true. In pneumonia symptoms are alike but agents are different. Pneumonia may be caused by microbes (pneumococcus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, Klebsiella), by rods (intestinal bacterium, Proteus, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas Aureginosa, legionella, plague bacillus), and also by viruses (mycoplasma), and fungus (clamydia).
Extremely virulent are cases when occurs simultaneous infection of a human by viruses and bacteria. Frequently this happens on the back of dysimmunity. Often pneumonia may be a cause of allergic reactions in lungs or manifestation of systematic disease.
How infecting occurs?
When a person suffers from chronic bronchitis or he just has ARVI (acute respiratory viral infection) in his upper respiratory tracts, hydropic fluid develops and it flows in lungs in form of mucus. These are ideal conditions for generation of bacteria which do penetrate into pulmonary tissue from the environment via bronchi. However, bacteria may also penetrate via blood and lymph.
Symptoms
Acute sudden onset of the disease, which is connected with hypothermia. Temperature of the body is higher than 38C and is kept for more than three days.
Signs of intoxication: pallescence, greyish tint of skin, apathy, sleeping disorders and eating disorders. Often a patient suffers from shortness of breath, wet cough, and in case of severe pneumonia he has grunting breathing. Children may have posseting and vomit.
Diagnostics
Doctor may detect pneumonia during examination of the patient by lung listening. Additional methods of examination will show changes in the blood analysis and those changes do bear inflammatory character (neutrophilia, blood sedimentation rate increase). Changes in the lungs are clearly visible on the X-Ray image.
Preventive Measures
For fear of getting ill with pneumonia it is necessary to treat cold-related diseases timely, live a healthy lifestyle, fortify yourself against colds and quit smoking. It is important to follow rules of hygiene especially during ARVI.
Treatment
Pneumonia is treated in the hospital or at home under condition of permanent control over patient's state. Frequently, antibiotics and expected treatment (antifebrile, expectorant, antihistaminic) are prescribed. Along with medications, doctors may prescribe respiratory gymnastics, capsicum plaster, mustard plaster, inhalation. You should not stop taking antibiotics even if you feel well. Remember that acute infection may turn into chronic form and bacteria causing pneumonia may get persistence to the medication.
Risk factors
Agents and ways of transmission
Pneumonia is a multifaced disease. This is not true. In pneumonia symptoms are alike but agents are different. Pneumonia may be caused by microbes (pneumococcus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, Klebsiella), by rods (intestinal bacterium, Proteus, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas Aureginosa, legionella, plague bacillus), and also by viruses (mycoplasma), and fungus (clamydia).
Extremely virulent are cases when occurs simultaneous infection of a human by viruses and bacteria. Frequently this happens on the back of dysimmunity. Often pneumonia may be a cause of allergic reactions in lungs or manifestation of systematic disease.
How infecting occurs?
When a person suffers from chronic bronchitis or he just has ARVI (acute respiratory viral infection) in his upper respiratory tracts, hydropic fluid develops and it flows in lungs in form of mucus. These are ideal conditions for generation of bacteria which do penetrate into pulmonary tissue from the environment via bronchi. However, bacteria may also penetrate via blood and lymph.
Symptoms
Acute sudden onset of the disease, which is connected with hypothermia. Temperature of the body is higher than 38C and is kept for more than three days.
Signs of intoxication: pallescence, greyish tint of skin, apathy, sleeping disorders and eating disorders. Often a patient suffers from shortness of breath, wet cough, and in case of severe pneumonia he has grunting breathing. Children may have posseting and vomit.
Diagnostics
Doctor may detect pneumonia during examination of the patient by lung listening. Additional methods of examination will show changes in the blood analysis and those changes do bear inflammatory character (neutrophilia, blood sedimentation rate increase). Changes in the lungs are clearly visible on the X-Ray image.
Preventive Measures
For fear of getting ill with pneumonia it is necessary to treat cold-related diseases timely, live a healthy lifestyle, fortify yourself against colds and quit smoking. It is important to follow rules of hygiene especially during ARVI.
Treatment
Pneumonia is treated in the hospital or at home under condition of permanent control over patient's state. Frequently, antibiotics and expected treatment (antifebrile, expectorant, antihistaminic) are prescribed. Along with medications, doctors may prescribe respiratory gymnastics, capsicum plaster, mustard plaster, inhalation. You should not stop taking antibiotics even if you feel well. Remember that acute infection may turn into chronic form and bacteria causing pneumonia may get persistence to the medication.
Risk factors
- smoking
- violation of oral hygiene
- frequent contact with birds
- past acute respiratory infection on feet
- lowering of body defenses
- staying for along time in prone position
Sunday, February 19, 2012
Q fever
Q fever is an acute rickettsial disease that is characterized by common toxic symptoms, fever and often atypical pneumonia. The agent is a microorganism that is resistant to drying, heating and ultraviolet irradiation. Wild and domestic animals, acarians are the reservoir and source of infection. People get infected when they are in contact with them, eating dairy products and via airborne. The disease is revealed during the whole year, but more often in spring and summer. Q fever is widely spread around the world and hot spots are located on 5 continents.
Symptoms and course
Incubation period is 14-19 days. The disease starts abruptly with shiver. Temperature rises up to 38-39 C and keeps 3-5 days. The disease is characterized with variances in temperature, followed by shiver and sweating. The most common symptoms are those of intoxication (headache, muscule pain, joint pains, sickliness of eyeballs, loss of appetite). Facial skin is moderately hyperemic, rash occurs rarely. On 3-5 day of the disease some patients can have painful dry cough. Pneumonic affection is clearly detected during X-ray examination in form of local boundary rounds. Then appear typical symptoms of pneumonia. The tongue is dry. Also there is noticed liver and spleen increase (in 50% of cases). There are no changes in urine. The recovery from the disease lasts slowly. Apathy, subfebrile temperature and work decrement are kept for a long time. Recurrence occurs in 4-20% cases of disease.
Treatment
Diseased should take antibiotics such as 0,2-0,3g tetracycline or 0.5g chloramphenicol every 6 hours for 8-10 days. In parallel is prescribed intravenous injection of 5% glucose solution, vitamin complex, for cause – oxygen-therapy, blood transfusion, heart-vascular remedies.
Preventive Measures
Domestic animals should be tested for Q fever. Cattle house should be disinfected with 10% of lime chloride solution. Milk from diseased animals should be heated. In hot spots is recommended to fight acarians and to use repellents. Those who contact with animals should be vaccinated to prevent Q fever. Diseased with Q fever do not present danger for people.
Symptoms and course
Incubation period is 14-19 days. The disease starts abruptly with shiver. Temperature rises up to 38-39 C and keeps 3-5 days. The disease is characterized with variances in temperature, followed by shiver and sweating. The most common symptoms are those of intoxication (headache, muscule pain, joint pains, sickliness of eyeballs, loss of appetite). Facial skin is moderately hyperemic, rash occurs rarely. On 3-5 day of the disease some patients can have painful dry cough. Pneumonic affection is clearly detected during X-ray examination in form of local boundary rounds. Then appear typical symptoms of pneumonia. The tongue is dry. Also there is noticed liver and spleen increase (in 50% of cases). There are no changes in urine. The recovery from the disease lasts slowly. Apathy, subfebrile temperature and work decrement are kept for a long time. Recurrence occurs in 4-20% cases of disease.
Treatment
Diseased should take antibiotics such as 0,2-0,3g tetracycline or 0.5g chloramphenicol every 6 hours for 8-10 days. In parallel is prescribed intravenous injection of 5% glucose solution, vitamin complex, for cause – oxygen-therapy, blood transfusion, heart-vascular remedies.
Preventive Measures
Domestic animals should be tested for Q fever. Cattle house should be disinfected with 10% of lime chloride solution. Milk from diseased animals should be heated. In hot spots is recommended to fight acarians and to use repellents. Those who contact with animals should be vaccinated to prevent Q fever. Diseased with Q fever do not present danger for people.
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